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Testem benevolentiae nostrae
''Testem benevolentiae nostrae'' (Witness to Our Goodwill), "Concerning New Opinions, Virtue, Nature and Grace, With Regard to Americanism", is the name for an encyclical of Pope Leo XIII. The encyclical was addressed to "Our Beloved Son, James Gibbons, Cardinal Priest of the Title Sancta Maria, Beyond the Tiber, Archbishop of Baltimore", and was promulgated on January 22, 1899. It concerned the heresy sometimes called Americanism to ensure that the Church in the United States did not allow the model of civil liberties to undermine the doctrine of the Church. Most historians believe the letter was really directed at liberal currents in France.〔(Allen, Jr., John L., ''The Catholic Church'', Oxford University Press, 2014, ISBN 9780199379811 )〕
== Background ==
The name ''Testem benevolentiae nostrae'' literally means "Witness to Our Good Will." In it Pope Leo expressed criticism regarding what he heard of the culture of Catholics in the United States. These concerns grew from a response to the preface of the French translation of the biography of Isaac Thomas Hecker. 〔(Pallen, Condé. "Testem Benevolentiae." The Catholic Encyclopedia ) Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 7 November 2015〕
The translation of Hecker's biography reached France eleven years after Father Hecker had died. It was translated in French and published with a very liberal preface by Abbé Félix Klein. Hecker had remained in good standing with Catholicism from his conversion in adulthood to his death so the controversy revolved around the book. Leo proposed to review certain opinions expressed by the translator in the book about Isaac Hecker.〔
The basis of these opinions was that the Church should adapt to the new advanced civilization and relax her ancient rigour regarding not only the rule of life but also the deposit of faith, and should pass over or minimize certain points of doctrine, or even give them a new meaning which the Church had never held.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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